Timeline of History

Timeline of History
Prehistory
Holocene Epoch Begins
6-3 Millenia BC (5400-2350 BC)
- Kingdoms to sort and chronological list of civilizations
3 Millenia BC
- Time Period 1 (2350 BC - 1700 BC)
  - Mesopotamia, Africa and Middle East
2 Millenia BC

"A man (or woman) becomes a hero only after he's dead. When he's alive, you can't see the divinity in him (or her), as a person among us, so you elevate them after their deaths." (The prophets; only older prophets, not modern day prophets.)

"Each religion presents history in their own manner in the name of god's will, so how convenient is it to present themselves as right in history? To all believers, they are the ones who are right."

Also, the Jews didn't agree with Muslims because his teachings differed from their own scriptures. How convenient is it to then reject the interpretation of what's true by rejecting anything that deviates from the previous model? It is one thing to say they don't believe it, and another to say that it deviates from the scriptures. If it didn't deviate from the scriptures, it'd be the same, isn't it? I'd say the same is true for Muslims, because now they too will not believe in anything besides their scriptures. [Verify context of deviation and decide if you need this.]

[Answer: The Jews had no reason to accept Mohammed's teachings, because they simply didn't have to believe it. That's all.]

Lambda-CDM Model of the Big Bang Theory

(don't go too far Jyothish)
Firstly, our models of physical cosmology has consensus on the Lambda-CDM parametrization of the Big Bang Theory, based on QFT and General Relativity. The parts beyond physics (meta-physics) are the subject of religions and philosophy. I don't think we disagree on physical cosmology, but some people seem to do. But I'll be skipping that part, and focusing only on the human civilizations. So we had the solar system form, the Cambrian explosion happen and the evolution of mammals.

Now, the history of human civilization can be mapped to the oldest known traces, or the cradles of civilization.

With agriculture, food became more reliable, but less varied, and people became more prone to diseases, and settling together made diseases easier to spread.

INTERMEDIATE NOTE: Semitic Languages

[Semitic languages were a Afroasiatic group of languages including Arabic, Amharic, Hebrew, etc.]
Jesus spoke Aramaic and Hebrew
He was from Nazareth in Galilee
Aramaic > Western Aramaic > Jewish Palestinian Aramaic > Galilean Dialect
Heiroglyphics > Sumerian (Of Sumer), Elamtite/Hatamtite/Susian> East Semitic Akkadian, West Semitic > Central Semitic > Northwest Semtic, Arabic > Aramaic, Canaanite Languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, etc.) > Classical Arabic (Quran based)
Semite was derived from Shem, Noah's faithful son

Syria and Palestine

The name Syria derives from Assyria, which originated in modern day Iraq
The Syria region refers to Greater Syria or Syria-Palestine, which is just the Levant in the Narrow definition (Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Hatay Province (Turkey), Cyprus, and UK Territories in Cyprus Islands)
During Hellenistic period, the term Coele-Syria applied to the entire Levant
Under Roman rule, it referred to the province of Syria, which was divided into Syria Phoenecia and Coele Syria, and to the province of Syria Palaestina.
After the Muslim conquest of the Levant, it was renamed to Sham
In the 19th century, the name Syria was revived in it's modern Arabic form to denote the whole of Bilad al-Sham, as Suriyah or Suriyya.
After WWI, Britain and France split up the regions
Basically Palestine was known to the Arabs as western Syria, not Palestine, which was a Roman and British name.

Prehistory

[Stone Age] - Palaeolithic and Neolithic

People spread everywhere across Europe, Africa and Asia
55000 BC: Australian aboriginals were found in this period

[Last Ice Age]

People travelled from Asia to Americas through the bridge
Neolithic Revolution (or the First Agricultural Revolution) in the West Asian Fertile Crescent saw the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlements

From Wikipedia: Origin of Agricultural Settlements

Map of the world showing approximate centres of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory: the Fertile Crescent (11,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9,000 BP) and the Papua New Guinea Highlands (9,000–6,000 BP), Central Mexico (5,000–4,000 BP), Northern South America (5,000–4,000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (5,000–4,000 BP, exact location unknown), eastern North America (4,000–3,000 BP).

From Wikipedia: Indo-European migrations

Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis.

– Center: Steppe cultures
1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE)
2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE)
3 (black): Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE)
4A (black): Western Corded Ware
4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers
5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware
5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian)
6 (magenta): Andronovo
7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani)
7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India)
[NN] (dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic
8 (grey): Greek
9 (yellow): Iranians
– [not drawn]: Armenian, expanding from Catacomb culture into the South Caucasus

Holocene Epoch Begins

6-3 Millenia BC (5400-2350 BC)

5400 BC: Sumerian settlements begin
8000 BC: Neolithic settlements
6000 BC: Neolithic settlements appear all over Egypt

[5000 BC: Chalcolithic Age]

Mesopotamia was the site of the earliest civilizations
- It was the Greek name for the valley between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris in modern day Iraq.
- Mesopotamia and the Levant comprised the Fertile Crescent
- 4100 BC: The first "civilization" in Mesopotamia was that of Sumer, during the Uruk Period
3500 BC Indo-European nomads from the European steppe learn to tame horses and cattle, which helped during the Piora Oscillation, a cold period post the Holocene Climatic Optimum
- The Piora Oscillation is also associated with the climate changes at the end of the Uruk Period, and with the Flood of Noah in the Book of Genesis and the floods in the Epic of Gilgamesh

[3300 BC Bronze Age]

Nile Valley Civilization (Egypt)
2200 BC: The Indo-Europeans learn how to put wheels on horses
North China Plain Civilization (Eastern China)
Indus River Valley / Harappan Civilization (Northwest India and Pakistan)
Norte Chico / Caral Supe Civilization (Mesoamerica)

Kingdoms to sort and chronological list of civilizations

Sorting Kingdoms

- 4100 - 3100 BC: Uruk Period
- Jemdet Nasr Period / Uruk III Phase
- Early Dynastic Period
- Akkadian Empire
- Gutians
- 2500 - 2400 BC: First Dynasty of Ur / Ur I
- 2112 - 2004 BC: Third Dynasty of Ur / Ur III / Neo-Sumerian Empire
- 2025 - 1763 BC: Isin-Larsa Period || Old Assyrian Period || Mari and other states
- It was attacked by Amorites from the West and Elamites from the East
- 1894 - 1595 BC: Old/First Babylonian Empire/ Amorite Dynasty by King Hammurabi
- 1531 - 1155 BC: Kassaties and their Sack of Babylon
- 1155–1026 BC: Second Dynasty of Isin,
- 911–605 BC: Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Neo-Babylonian Empire / Chaldean Empire
- 539 BC: Achaemenid Empire

Sorting Greek History

2700-1500 BC: Minoan Civilization (In Crete)
Myacenean Greeks
Ancient Greeks (Macedonian Empire)

History of Sumer

New Stone Age: c. 10000 – c. 5000 BC
Ubaid period: c. 6500 – c. 4100 BC
Copper Age: c. 5000 – c. 3300 BC
Uruk period: c. 4100 – c. 3100 BC
Uruk XIV–V phases: c. 4100 – c. 3300 BC
Uruk IV phase: c. 3300 – c. 3100 BC
Early Bronze Age I: c. 3300 – c. 3000 BC
Jemdet Nasr period (Uruk III phase): c. 3100 – c. 2900 BC
Uruk III phase: c. 3100 – c. 2900 BC
Early Bronze Age II: c. 3000 – c. 2700 BC
Early Dynastic period c. 2900 – c. 2334 BC
Early Dynastic I period: c. 2900 – c. 2800 BC
Eridu dynasty (Alulim)
Bad-tibira dynasty (Dumuzid)
Larak dynasty (En-sipad-zid-ana)
Sippar dynasty (Enmeduranki)
Shuruppak dynasty (Ziusudra)
Kish I dynasty (Enmebaragesi)
Early Dynastic II period: c. 2800 – c. 2600 BC
Uruk I dynasty (Gilgamesh)
Early Dynastic IIIa period: c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC
Ur I dynasty
Awan dynasty
Kish II dynasty
Hamazi dynasty
Early Dynastic IIIb period: c. 2500 – c. 2334 BC
Uruk II dynasty
Ur II dynasty
Adab dynasty
Mari dynasty
Kish III dynasty
Akshak dynasty
Kish IV dynasty
Uruk III dynasty
Early Bronze Age III: c. 2700 – c. 2200 BC
Akkadian period: c. 2334 – c. 2154 BC
Akkad dynasty (Sargon)
Early Bronze Age IV: c. 2200 – c. 2100 BC
Gutian period: c. 2154 – c. 2119 BC
Uruk IV dynasty
Gutian dynasty
Middle Bronze Age I: c. 2100 – c. 2000 BC
Ur III period: c. 2119 – c. 2004 BC
Uruk V dynasty
Ur III dynasty
Middle Bronze Age II A: c. 2000 – c. 1750 BC
Isin-Larsa period: c. 2004 – c. 1736 BC
Isin I dynasty
Larsa dynasty
Middle Bronze Age II B: c. 1750 – c. 1650 BC
Old Babylonian period: c. 1736 – c. 1475 BC
Sealand dynasty

History of Mesopotamia

Pre- and protohistory
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (10,000–8700 BC)
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (8700–6800 BC)
Jarmo (7500–5000 BC)
Hassuna (~6000 BC)
Samarra (~5700–4900 BC)
Halaf cultures (~6000–5300 BC)
Ubaid period (~6500–4000 BC)
Uruk period (~4000–3100 BC)
Jemdet Nasr period (~3100–2900 BC)
Early Bronze Age
Early Dynastic period (~2900–2350 BC)
Akkadian Empire (~2350–2100 BC)
Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2004 BC)
Middle Bronze Age
Isin-Larsa period (19th to 18th century BC)
First Babylonian dynasty (18th to 17th century BC)
Minoan eruption (c. 1620 BC)
Late Bronze Age
Old Assyrian period (16th to 11th century BC)
Middle Assyrian period (c. 1365–1076 BC)
Kassites in Babylon, (c. 1595–1155 BC)
Late Bronze Age collapse (12th to 11th century BC)
Iron Age
Syro-Hittite states (11th to 7th century BC)
Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th to 7th century BC)
Neo-Babylonian Empire (7th to 6th century BC)
Classical antiquity
Fall of Babylon (6th century BC)
Achaemenid Babylonia, Achaemenid Assyria (6th to 4th century BC)
Seleucid Mesopotamia (4th to 3rd century BC)
Parthian Babylonia (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD)
Osroene (2nd century BC to 3rd century AD)
Adiabene (1st to 2nd century AD)
Hatra (1st to 2nd century AD)
Roman Mesopotamia (2nd to 7th centuries AD), Roman Assyria (2nd century AD)
Late Antiquity
Asōristān (3rd to 7th century AD)
Muslim conquest (mid-7th century AD)

History of Egypt

Prehistoric Egypt (prior to 3100 BC)
Naqada III ("the protodynastic period", approximately 3100–3000 BC; sometimes referred to as "Dynasty 0")
Early Dynastic Period (First–Second Dynasties)
Old Kingdom (Third–Sixth Dynasties)
First Intermediate Period (Seventh or Eighth–Eleventh Dynasties)
Middle Kingdom (Twelfth–Thirteenth Dynasties)
Second Intermediate Period (Fourteenth–Seventeenth Dynasties)
New Kingdom (Eighteenth–Twentieth Dynasties)
Third Intermediate Period (also known as the Libyan Period; Twenty-first–Twenty-fifth Dynasties)
Late Period (Twenty-sixth–Thirty-first Dynasties)
Ptolemaic Egypt (305–30 BC)

History of South Asia

Paleolithic and Mesolithic age

- Madrasian culture ( 1.5 MYA)
- Soanian culture (c. 500,000–125,000 BCE)

- South Asian Stone Age (c. 50,000–5000 BCE)

Neolithic age

- Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BCE)
- Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BCE)

Bronze Age

Bronze Age India (3500–1500 BCE)

- Kalibangan (3500–2000 BCE)
- Indus Valley civilization (3300–1300 BCE)
- Early Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BCE)
- Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1750 BCE)
- Late Harappan Culture (1750–1300 BCE)
- Ahar Banas culture
- Copper Hoard culture
- Painted Grey Ware culture
- Black and red ware culture
- Bara culture
- Malwa culture
- Jorwe culture
- Other chalcolithic sites include Patapadu (Andhra Pradesh)

Iron Age and Vedic period

Main article: Vedic period

- Vedic period (c. 1500–600 BCE)
- Puru Kingdom (c. 1500–1200 BCE)
- Brihadratha Dynasty (c. 1700–689 BCE)
- Gandhara Kingdom (c. 1500–500 BCE)
- Kuru Dynasty (c. 1200–350 BCE)
- Panchala Dynasty (c. 1200–500 BCE)
- Avanti Kingdom (c. 1200–300 BCE)
- Later Vedic period (c. 1000–600 BCE)
- Matsya Kingdom ( c.1000–500 BCE )
- Chedi Kingdom ( c.1000–300 BCE)
- Surasena Kingdom (c.1000–600 BCE)
- Kamboja Kingdom (c. 1000–550 BCE)
- Videha Kingdom (c. 800–300 BCE)
- Pradyota dynasty (c. 682–544 BCE)
- Haryanka Kingdom (544–415 BCE)
- Pandyan Kingdom (600 BCE–1650 CE)
- Chera Kingdom (600 BCE–1102 CE)
- Chola Kingdom (600 BCE–1279 CE)
- Ror Kingdom (450 BCE–489 CE)
- Shishunaga dynasty (415–321 BCE)
- Nanda Empire (421–345 BCE)
- Malava Dynasty (392 BCE–78 CE)
- Macedonian Empire (330–323 BCE)
- Maurya Empire (321–184 BCE)
- Pallava Kingdom (250 BCE–800 CE)
- Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (250 BCE–400 CE)

Middle kingdoms

Main article: Middle kingdoms of India

- Satavahana Empire (230 BCE–220 CE)
- Kuninda Kingdom (200 BCE–300 CE)
- Indo-Scythian Kingdom (200 BCE–400 CE)
- Shunga Empire (185–73 BCE)
- Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE–10 CE)
- Kanva Empire (75–26 BCE)
- Indo-Parthian Kingdom (21–130s CE)
- Western Satrap Empire (35–405 CE)
- Kushan Empire (60–240 CE)
- Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350 CE)
- Nagas of Padmavati (210–340 CE)
- Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE)
- Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360 CE)
- Vakataka Empire (250s–6th century CE)
- Kalabhra Empire (250–600 CE)
- Gupta Empire (280–550 CE)
- Kadamba Empire (345–525 CE)
- Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000 CE)
- Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100 CE)
- Vishnukundina Empire (420–624 CE)
- Maitraka Empire (475–767 CE)
- Huna Kingdom (475–576 CE)
- Rai Kingdom (489–632 CE)
- Guhila dynasty (500-1950 CE)
- Turk Shahis (500–850 CE)
- Hindu Shahis (850–1026 CE)
- Chalukya Empire (543–753 CE)
- Maukhari Empire (550s–8th century CE)
- Kalachuris of Mahishmati (6th–7th century CE)
- Harsha Empire (606–647 CE)
- Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075 CE)
- Rashidun Caliphate (632–661 CE)
- Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036 CE)
- Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE)
- Kalachuris of Tripuri (7th-12th century CE)
- Pala Empire (750–1174 CE)
- Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982 CE)
- Paramara Kingdom (800–1327 CE)
- Yadava Empire (850–1334 CE)
- Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244 CE)
- Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189 CE)
- Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320 CE)
- Hoysala Empire (1040–1346 CE)
- Sena Empire (1070–1230 CE)
- Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434 CE)
- Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766 CE)
- Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323 CE)
- Chutiya Kingdom (1187-1673 CE)
- Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184 CE)

Late medieval period

Late medieval period (1206–1596)

- Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE)
- Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290 CE)
- Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320 CE)
- Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414 CE)
- Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451 CE)
- Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526 CE)
- Deva Kingdom (12th century–13th century CE)
- Ahom kingdom (1228–1826 CE)
- Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779 CE)
- Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448 CE)
- Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE)
- Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576 CE)
- Ilyas Shahi Sultanate (1352-1487 CE)
- Hussain Shahi Sultanate (1494-1538 CE)
- Karrani Sultanate (1564-1576 CE)
- Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803 CE)
- Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947 CE)
- Gajapati Empire (1434–1541 CE)
- Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763 CE)
- Deccan Sultanates (1490–1596 CE)
- Koch Kingdom (1515–1947 CE)

Early modern period

Early modern period (1526–1858)

- Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576 CE)
- Hussain Shahi Sultanate (1494-1538 CE)
- Karrani Sultanate (1564-1576 CE)
- Mughal Empire (1526–1858 CE)
- Sur Empire (1540–1556 CE)
- Madurai Kingdom (1559–1736 CE)
- Thanjavur Kingdom (1572–1918 CE)
- Marava Kingdom (1600–1750 CE)
- Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948 CE)
- Maratha Empire (1674–1947 CE)
- Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799 CE)
- Durrani Empire (1747–1823 CE)
- Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947 CE)
- Sikh Empire (1799–1849 CE)

European colonial period

Colonial period (1510–1961 CE)

- Portuguese India (1510–1961 CE)
- Dutch India (1605–1825 CE)
- Danish India (1620–1869 CE)
- French India (1759–1954 CE)
- Company Raj (1757–1858 CE)
- British Raj (1858–1947 CE)
- Partition of British India (1947 CE)

Kingdoms of Sri Lanka

Main article: History of Sri Lanka

- Kingdom of Tambapanni (543–505 BCE)
- Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara (505–377 BCE)
- Anuradhapura Kingdom (377 BCE–1017 CE)
- Kingdom of Ruhuna (200 CE)
- Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (300–1310 CE)
- Jaffna Kingdom (1215–1624 CE)
- Kingdom of Dambadeniya (1220–1272 CE)
- Kingdom of Yapahuwa (1272–1293 CE)
- Kingdom of Kurunegala (1293–1341 CE)
- Kingdom of Gampola (1341–1347 CE)
- Kingdom of Raigama (1347–1415 CE)
- Kingdom of Kotte (1412–1597 CE)
- Kingdom of Sitawaka (1521–1594 CE)
- Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815 CE)
- Portuguese Ceylon (1505–1658 CE)
- Dutch Ceylon (1656–1796 CE)
- British Ceylon (1815–1948 CE)

3 Millenia BC

Time Period 1 (2350 BC - 1700 BC)

Mesopotamia, Africa and Middle East

2700 - 1500 BC: Middle east is getting complicated: Mitanni, Assyria, Babylon, Elam, Hyksos (Canaanites in Egypt and Sinai)
- Canaanites appear in the region
- [Canaan is the grandson of Noah]
- [He was cursed to perpetual slavery because his father Ham "looked upon" the drunk and naked Noah]
- [The Bible separates Israelites from Canaanites, but archaeology points that Israelites are a subset of Canaanites]
- [The Twelve sons of Jacob fled to Egypt after a drought in Canaan]
- [The Twelve were led out of Egypt by Moses to Canaan, and they formed the Twelve tribes of Israel]
2334 - 2154 BC: Akkadian empire was the first known major "empire" in Mesopotamia.
There was a merger of Sumerian civilization with Akkadian to form a Sumero-Akkadian civilization, and Akkadian would replace Sumerian

2 Millenia BC

Time Period 3 (1700 BC - 1200 BC)

Ancient Mesopotamia

Assyria was a major civilization from Mesopotamia, a cradle of civilization. Assyrian history has been classified from the Bronze age (35th century BC) to the late Iron Age (lasted till AD 1500) as Early Assyrian, Old Assyrian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian and post-Imperial Assyrian.
Babylon was another city in Mesopotamia, who were in rivalry with Assyrians.
The Chaldeans were a Semitic speaking people who settled somewhere in Assyria.

Europe, Mesopotamia

1750 BC: The Indo-Europeans arrived at Anatolia and started settling
Everyone else in Mesopotamia copy their horses
1650 BC: They made the Hittite Empire
Mycenaean Greece also forms
1273 BC: 12 Tribes of Israel arrive in Canaan

Indus River Valley

1700 BC: Indus River Valley Civilization died

Indo-Europe

Some of the Indo-Europeans split into the Indo-Iranians or Aryans
Some of the Indo-Iranians migrated to Iran, and Zarathustra wrote Gathas which founded Zoroastrianism
- Zoroastrianism was the most common religion is the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid Persian empires.
1600 BC: Some of the Indo-Iranians migrated to India, and wrote hymns and stuff (Vedic Era - 1500 BC to 900 BC)
- Hinduism was a combination of the Aryan Vedas and the Dravidian Hinduism
- The Vedas included the yajnas, yaagams, etc.
- So Hinduism has a lot in common with Zoroastrianism.
- [Indo-Europeans branched into Iranians, Indo-Aryans, Celtics, Greeks, Romans, Germans, Slavs]
- [Indo-Iranians split into Iranians and Indo-Aryans]
  - According to the Rigveda and Avesta, being an Indo-Iranian or Aryan was about rituals and linguistic, not about race. If you did the right rituals, you would be an Aryan.
  - Later texts reinterpreted the meaning as Aryans being a honorific title for Brahmins, and the non-Aryans were seen as a lower class.
  - [Indo-Iranians were the ones who called themselves Aryans, even though the term -arya is of Proto-Indo-European origin]
- [By the beginning of CE, they had control over all of Europe and Western Asia]
- [By the Medieval period, only Semitic, Dravidian, Caucasian, Uralic and Basque remained of the native languages of Europe and Western Asia]
- [Indo-European languages include English, Spanish, Portuguese, Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Hittite, etc.]
  - [Urdu is Indo-European, but was standardized as Persian Arabic script]

Time Period 4 (1200 BC - 1000 BC)

Mesopotamia

Bronze Age collapsed
Phoenicians start trade and invent the alphabets
[Iron Age]

America

Olmecs start a civilization in Mexico

Time Period 5 (1000 BC - 700 BC)

Mesopotamia

Phoenicians start colonies
Greeks also copy their ideas and make colonies
800 BC: Phoenicians made the Carthage colony that made it's own colonies

Asia

800 BC: The first three portions of the Vedas were created
~1000 BC: China was getting decentralized, with the philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism (Qin, Chu, Jin, Qi, Yang, Zhou)

Time Period 6 (700 BC - 300 BC)

Mesopotamia, Asia

729 BC: Assyrians captured the Babylonian kingdom with the founding of Neo-Assyrian empire.
720 BC: The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Chaldeans broke away from the Neo-Assyrian empire into the Babylon
701 BC: Seige of Jerusalem by Neo-Assyrian empire fails
678 BC: The Median Empire forms in Iran
612 BC: Neo-Assyrian empire was captured by the Neo-Babylonian empire, also known as the Chaldean empire, also from Mesopotamia.
- [The Bible refers to Chaldeans as idolators who attacked the Jews. Some say that they are descendants of Abraham who turned to idolatry. Historically, the Chaldeans were educated people who studied science, history, languages, astronomy and also magic and astrology.]
- The Jews were exiled
The Median empire conquered part of the Neo-Babylonian empire
586 BC: The First Temple of Israel was destroyed
539 BC: They were conquered by the First Persian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire.
- Yehud now became Yehud Medinata

Asia

~500 BC: Buddha was enlightened in Bodh Gaya
~500 BC Confucius was figuring out morals

Europe

~600 BC: Greeks started philosophizing
Alexander from Macedonia, Greece conquered the entire Persian Empire and was called Alexander the Great
The Macedonian Empire was split into Cassander, Lysimachus, Antigonus, Seleucus, Ptolemy
- 312 BC: Yehud was now called Coelo-Syria, in the Seleucid Empire

Time Period 7 (300 BC - 220 AD)

India

Chandragupta gave elephants to keep Seleucus at bay and conquered all of India and formed the Mauryan empire (except the Tamil Kings)
The Tamil Kings (Kerala and Tamil Nadu) were merchants and had spices
They traded spices with the Arabians via the seas
~200 AD: The last Upanishads were completed during this period

China

221 BC: China put itself back together with the Qin Dynasty which followed Legalism
They now had three philosophies: Confucianism (morals), Taoism (Dao) and Legalism (Obey the Law)
206 BC: The Han Dynasty took over China and Confucianism was once again back
Horse nomads of Mongolian Steppe ransacked Qin dynasty
Xiongu confederacy appears in Mongolian Steppe?

Eurasia

The Greek Kingdoms (Hellenistic Kingdoms) are all now Hellenistic
- 140 BC: Hasmonian Dynasty takes control over Judea
- 37 BC: Herodian Kingdom succeeds it
- 4 BC: When Herod died, his kingdom was inherited by his four sons to form the Herodian tetrarchy
Parthians leave Hellenistic Empire
Jesus was born, marking the Common Era (CE), also denoted as Anno Domini (AD).
6 AD: Kingdom of Judea becomes an independent state in the Hellenistic Empire
Parthians conquer a part of the Hellenistic Empire (East Central Asia) to form Parthian Empire
Roman Empire captured the entire Mediterranean belt
Roman Empire took a part of the Kingdom of Judea
33 AD: Crucifixion of Jesus
66-73 AD: Siege of Jerusalem and destruction of the Second Temple
132 AD: Judea was merged with Galilee to form "Syria Palaestina" or "Roman Palestine"

Time Period 8 (220-310)

Asia

China invents the Silk road
China conquered Vietnam
India finds a sea route to Eastern China
India spread Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia
Funan trading kingdom appears in Southeast Asia
220 AD: Buddhism travels from Afghanistan to Eastern China, but before it reaches, China collapses again into Wei, Wu and Shu
225 AD: Persians start the Sassanid Empire
280 AD: China forms the Jin Dynasty
320 AD: China split into Cheng Han, Liang, Zhao and Jin

Africa

300 AD: Axum empire in Africa built the Obelisk
Bantu in Africa and Malay from Southeast Asia populate Madagascar
Ghana Empire sells gold crossing Sahara with camels

INTERMEDIATE NOTE: Mesopotamian Nations, Jews and Arabs

(Akkadian), Amorite, Kassite, Elamite, Aramean, Assyrian, Chaldean, Persian, Greek and Parthian

Jews are named after the Kingdom of Judah.
Kingdom of Israel had Samaria, Galilee and some of Transjordan. Kingdom of Judah had Jerusalem.
Kingdom of Israel was also known as Kingdom of Samaria
Kingdom of Israel was assimilated by the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Kingdom of Israel was assimilated later by the Neo-Babylonian Empire
Kingdom of Judah was then called Yehud province

Some of the Jews exiled during the Babylonian exile came to Mattanchery
Arabs arrived in Palestine after 1st century AD.

Time Period 9 (310-600)

Eurasia

312 AD: Emperor Constantine The Great began favouring Christianity
330 AD: Constantine The Great moved the capital of Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople to be closer to the Persian Sassanid Empire
476 AD: Roman empire was invaded by the barbarians, or non-Romans
Roman empire was split into Western Roman empire and Eastern Roman empire, also called the Byzantine empire

Asia

400 AD: Golden Age of India (Medicine, Astronomy, Maths, Science)
Gupta Empire by Chandra Gupta I starts
576 AD: Göktürks have taken over the entire Eurasian Steppe (Middle)
India is broken, China is back together with the Sui Dynasty
Trading kingdoms of Southeast Asia get bigger Dvaravati, Chenla and Champa
Korea has 3 kingdoms: Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje
Japan has a kingdom named Yamato, or the sunrise kingdom

America

Mayans figure out the stars
Teotihuacan is a highly populated city

Time Period 10 (610-780: The Founding of Islam)

Asia

610 AD: Islam was founded by Prophet Mohammed. See: The Origin of Islam

INTERMEDIATE NOTE: Islam and Antisemitism

[Islamic Antisemitism is influenced by European influence rather than the Quran, Quran just gives more reasons for people to criticize Jews]
The Hadiths say that the Judgement day will not come until Jews and Muslims fight (Source)
In the medieval period, although there were restrictions, Jews enjoyed a better life in Muslim world than Christian Europe (Source)
Things started to slowly change towards the 19th century, with the slow rise of Anti-semitism
Ottoman Sultan believed the empire was declining due to punishment from Allah for not implementing Sharia law - and this led to persecution of Christians (not Jews though).
With the beginning of Nazism, and with the Arab revolts, the general sentiment became popular with Arabs too (although many Arabs defended their resident Jews from the Holocaust)

They started spreading Islam and conquering lands
642 AD: Battle of Nihavend with the Persian Sassanid Empire
- Zoroastrianism lost it's dominant position when this happened, but they still lived on
- Some of them had to move to the Indian subcontinent, where they lived as Parsis, and they became an influential minority under the British rule. They later migrated to different parts of the world, and live in diasporic communities nowadays.
- Parsis or Farsis are basically Persians
650 AD: Rashidun Caliphate conquers the Middle East Asia and Northern Africa, including the holy land and the Persian Sassanid Empire and they reached Central Asia
- The Turks of Central Asia were starting to convert to Islam, and they were also influenced by Persian civilization more than Turkish
- Most Turks were domestic servants in the Umayyad caliphate (second caliphate), but by the Abbasid caliphate (third caliphate), they were trained as soldiers, and some of them became commanders. As the Abbasid caliphate weakened, they assumed control.

Europe

Roman Empire's gone, but the Pope is still the Pope
New kingdoms all over Europe: Avar, Aquitaine, Anglo/Saxon Kingdoms, Wessex, Bavaria, Irish Kingdoms, Visigoth, Brittonic Kingdoms, Austrasia, Lombard, Neustria, Samo's Kingdom
The Moors (Black Arabs) spread over all of the Arabic countries and Western Europe

Time Period 11 (780-1070)

Middle East Asia

786 AD: Baghdad House of Wisdom and the Islamic Golden Age

Africa

On the Swahili Coast of Africa, Swahilians sell products via sea routes

South East Asia

Srivijaya Empire of Southeast Asia controls part of the sea route from India to Eastern China
Enlightenment in Tibetan Mountains

Europe

Franks have the biggest kingdom in Europe
800 AD: The Pope invites King Charlemagne to his kingdom for Christmas and crowns him as the head of the Roman Empire (even though what remains of Roman Empire is now Byzantine Empire, and the Pope isn't there)
France broke their kingdom. Western France would later be called France.
The northerners, or Norse go to the northern north. They find a green land and an icy land. They named the icy land Greenland and the green land Iceland
They invade places like Canada and were called Vikings
882 AD: The Rus, or the Kievan Rus formed in Asia. They're not sure if they are the Vikings, they say they aren't.
Pope forms the Holy Roman Empire. Most of it is Germany though.
New kingdoms: Norway, Sweden, Poland, Denmark, Hungary, Kievan Rus, Scotland, England, Welsh States
All of them get Christianized, but fight over Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox brands
1066 AD: William the Conqueror conquers England
- He invited the French Jews over to England

Time Period 12 (1070-1200)

Eurasia

1071 AD: The Seljuk Turks invaded the region from Central Asia to the Levant, including parts of the Byzantine empire (Anatolian peninsula)
- This weakened the Zoroastrian culture in Iran
1099 AD: Constantine took the help of Pope in Western Roman empire to start the crusades to capture back the holy land
Italians from Genoa and Venice get spice trades from the Seljuk Empire

America

The Classic Maya civilization collapses
1100 AD: Tolteks appears, and then they disappear
Mississippi appears along the mounds
Pueblo appears, and it's a town in a cliff

Asia

1150 AD: Khmer appears in Cambodia and Pagan (also called Bagan) appears in Burma
Vietnam, or Dia Vet unconquered itself
Korea, or Goryeo became itself
1192 AD: Japan is so addicted to art that the Samurais form the Shogunate military and takes over
- They let the emperor still be the emperor, but the Shogun is actually the leader
China invented bombs and typing

Time Period 13 (1200-1400)

Eurasia

1228-1259 AD: Mongols invaded all of central Asia and Europe under Genghis Khan
- This weakened the Seljuk Empire
- The remaining Zoroastrianism followers withdrew to the desert towns of Kerman and Yazd
The Mongol Empire breaks into Yuan, Golden Horde, Chagatai, Ilkhanate

India

Mu'iz Al-din Muhammad (Ghurid Sultan) of the Turks were unaffected by the Mongols, because they were busy invading India and forming the Delhi Sultanate

Australia

Tu'i Tonga empire conquers the Pacific Ocean

Africa

Swahili gets all its gold from The Great Zimbabwe
The Khanem Empire forms around the African Chad lake
1324 AD: Mansa Musa, the King of Mali travels the world (I guess to Mecca) letting everyone know he's rich

Europe

Christians conquer Liberia from the Muslims to form Spain and Portugal (not Spain)
Spanish Inquisition
1350 AD: Black Death kills half of Europe

Asia

China's back with the Ming Dynasty
1400 AD: Khmer shares kingdoms with Ayutthaya and Ian Xang
The Majapahit controls part of the India China sea routes.

Time Period 14 (1450-1460)

Europe

1450 AD: Italy is rich and cares about art and the Ancient Greek Classics (The Renaissance Period)
Gutenberg invents the printing press

Eurasia

The fourth crusade ended up capturing the Byzantine empire as part of the Latin empire and weakening Constantinople
1453 AD: Ottoman Turks conquered the rest of the Byzantine empire under Sultan Mehmed II, and founded the Ottoman Empire, or Turkish Empire
- They were
- Ottomans banned India from the European spice trade
- They established the Ottoman Caliphate (fourth caliphate), as the successors of Sunni Islam

INTERMEDIATE NOTE: Islam and Palestine

[Sunni muslims belive the caliphates should be elected. Shi'a Muslims believe that they should be an imam chosen by god from the Ahl-al-Bayat (family of the prophet). To Sunnis the first caliphate was Abu Bakr, the father in law of Mohammed. To Shia Muslims, it was Ali ibn-Talib, the husband of Fatima, the daughter of Mohammed.]
Twelver Shi'ism is the largest branch of Shi'a Islam, consisting of 85% of Shi'a Muslims. They believe in twelve divinely ordained leaders, or the Twelve Imams, and that the last of them (Imam Mohammed al-Mahdi) is currently living in secret and will reappear in the end times as the final Islamic leader (or Mahdi) to rid the world of evil and injustice, after which Jesus will return to rule the world.
Mahdi is not based on the Quran, but on the Hadiths.
[Cis-Jordan was the area west of Jordan river (historically known as Canaan and Mandatory Palestine (as of British League of Nations), now part of Israel and Palestine), and Trans-Jordan was the area east of Jordan river (now Jordan). Basically Trans-Joradan and Cis-Jordan was in combination called Palestine]

Time Period 15 (1490-1500)

Europe, America

The Habsburg married royal families all over Europe
1500 AD: Part of Lithuania is conquered by Ivan The Great, building Muscovy
Portugal finds another way to India to get spices
1492 AD: Christopher Columbus asks Portugal to find a way to India by travelling west since the Earth is round. Portugal refuses, so he asks Spain a couple of time and they agree.
1494 AD: Columbus reaches the Indies and what they think is Japan (but North America though)
They make the Treaty of Tordesillas to decide who of Spain and Portugal gets which part of the world
Aztec empire of North America and Inca empire of South America start, but Europe had just discovered their continent

Asia

Baburs of Timurids (what was part of the Seljuk Empire after Mongol invasions) conquer India and start the Mughal Empire
1501 AD: Persia formed the Safavids Dynasty, but it is now Shi'a Islam (Central East / Afghanistan to Syria)

Time Period 16 (1500-1550s)

Europe

The Catholic church lets people pay a premium to escape sin
1517 AD: Martin Luther said it's all a scam and wrote 95 reasons why in his book, and it started the protestant reformation
1521 AD: Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the Earth, practically verifying the spherical Earth theory

Eurasia, Africa

Levant and Africa

1530 AD: Suleiman The Magnificent makes the Ottoman Empire big, and gets part of the holy land which was previously a part of the Seljuk Empire

Russia

1556 AD: Ivan the Terrible makes Russia big

Time Period 17 (1500 - Present)

Europe, Asia, America, Australia and Africa

1503 AD: Portugal decided to control the entire Indian Ocean and control all the spice trades
1503-1521 AD: Spain realized America is not India, but they pillaged it and made it New Spain
England and France decided to copy them
1600 AD: Dutch revolt, and all the hipsters moved to Amsterdam
Amsterdam also decided to pillage stuff
England, Amsterdam and France tried to get to India through North America
- They couldn't find a way but they found Beavers, and Beaver skin was very marketable.
- This is the North American Fur Trade
Dutch stole the spice trade
1607 AD: The first English colony in America was made
1640 AD: All the Sugar was made in Brazil. Dutch stole it.
Spain, France, Dutch and England exploited the Caribbean and started slavery by importing people from Africa
Russia gets bigger
1752 AD: 13 English colonies were established in America
1754 AD: Britain and France tries to decide who gets to control Ohio (and all America)
This starts a 7 year war (Britain, Prussia, Portugal, etc.) vs (France, Austria, Spain, Russia, Sweden, etc.)
Britain wins over France, but is now broke, so they tax America
1774 AD: The 13 American colonies unite against Britain
1776 AD: American revolutionary war, and France helps them win and is now broke
1788 AD: Britain has to send their prisoners to Australia, which they call New South Wales
1794 AD: France was broke, but the Royal family was rich, so Robespierre announced the French Revolution guillotined King Louis XIV and Queen Marie Antoinette and others, and someone also guillotined him too
1791 AD: Slaves of Haiti start a revolution and get their freedom, led by Toussaint L'ouverture?
1799 AD: Napoleon became the First Consul of the French Republic
1804-1814 AD: Napoleon rules French Empire, and tried to conquer Europe
- He was banished to the Island Elba, but he returned in 1815
- He was banished to St. Helena Island in the Atlantic Ocean
1812 AD: Latin American wars of Independence (Mexico, Gran Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Central America, Uruguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela)
Steam Engine is invented in Britain
Britain conquers India
Britain tries to get China to trade with them, and they refuse because they had everything
Britain tries to sell them Opium
1839 AD: China bans it and dumps it in the Ocean
Opium Wars
- Britain made China open up the 5 cities: Shanghai, Ninbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou and also give them the Hong Kong island
Britain and Russia try to stop each other from conquering Afghanistan
Sultan of Oman, Said bin Sultan lives in Zanzibar of Africa
1857 AD: Revolt of 1857 and Britain starts the British Raj
Telegram is invented and many technologies begin
1863 AD: American Civil war abolishes slavery and declares the emancipation proclamation
Then the Americans kick out the Mexicans to the south
1884 AD: Europe rapes Africa (They got everywhere except Ethiopia)
Britain and France gets Southeast Asia (Burma, French Indochina, Malaya, Sarawak, Dutch East Indies, Philippines (Spain)) (They didn't get Thailand)
1894: Japan conquers Korea from China following the footsteps of the west
- 1899: Japan captures the Liaodong Peninsula, but Russians said they wanted to build a railroads there to get more water. So under military supervision, they build it.
- 1902: Because Russia doesn't let Japan invade northwards, Japan forms an alliance with Britain, who are also scared of Russia.
- 1904: Russo-Japanese War, but no one wins and they just stop
- 1905: Japanese Empire makes a treaty with Korea making it a protectorate under Imperial Japan
- 1907: Japanese Empire makes a treaty with Korea making it deprived of administrative affairs
- 1910: Japanese Empire makes a treaty with Korea, formally annexing it
US captures Hawaii
Spain controls Cuba, so they blame the destruction of USS Maine on Spain and goes to war with them
- 1898 Spanish American War
- Now they have business with Philippines
US kicks Panama out of Panama and makes the Panama canal
1908 AD: Britain found oil in the Middle East
Qing dynasty of China is tired of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan trying to conquer them so they dissolve and form the Republic of China, which is controlled by Yuan Shikai of the Qing Dynasty

INTERMEDIATE NOTE: Antisemitism and "Scientific" Racism

In the 1850s, French writer Joseph Arthur de Gobineau developed a theory of Aryan master race and Nordicism.
He was born in a French aristocratic family
His father was a military officer and a staunch royalist.
His mother was the daughter of a non-noble royal tax official
He feared that his mother may have black ancestors
He wrote a lot about his hatred for French Revolution
He loved the Middle Ages, and preferred chivalry and knighthood compared to the norm of his time.
Someone describes him as a *romantic*, "with chivalrous ideas and spirit, dreaming of what was most noble and most grand"
[I must emphasize that this could've been the problem]
["Romantics" caring about "beauty", and religions seeking "purity" - while love, which is defined as caring for another, goes unseen]
He also worried his wife would have black ancestors due to slave owners taking slave mistresses.
He was opposed to slavery for this contamination of whites
His Novel "Ternove" was the first one with which he linked class with race
He wrote his theory of scientific racism in his book, "An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races" and wanted to be remembered as its author.
Aside from that, in his time he was known as a poet and a writer, writing about his adventures in Iran and Brazil
Hitler

1914: World War I
- Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, US, etc.) vs Axis/Central Powers (Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, etc.)
- It was said to the The Great War that would end all wars
- Japan wanted to conquer a part of China and the south east islands, which where controlled by Germany
- Germany had war declared on Britain, because Germany was trespassing their friend Belgium to get to France to attack them because they were Friends with Russia, who was ready to attack Austria because Austria was ready to attack Serbia because someone from Serbia shot the leader of Austria in his head. And Britain was friends with Japan.
- They took over south east islands, and also helped Britain at Singapore, Malta and Cape Town
1917: Russian Revolution
1916-1918 Arab Revolt - The first ever "Arab nationalist" movement
- Started in 1916 to establish a unified Arab state from Aleppo (Syria) to Aden (Yemen) (middle east area)
- Britain promised to support them, and together they conquered the Ottoman Empire
- Anatolia was retained by the Allied powers
- British secretly signed the Sykes-Picot agreement with the French government
- So they went back on their promise and divided the middle east into a number of League of Nations Mandates controlled by Britain and France
1919: Paris Peace Conference and the establishment of League of Nations
- The League of Nations was established to make sure that countries don't invade other countries
  - That's when all countries were fixed and decided
  - US didn't join it because Article X would require them to help other nations under war, which threatened their sovereignty.
- The Allied powers had to decide what to do about the German colonies in Africa and the Pacific, and the Arabic-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
- The Allied powers originally wanted to annex the captured lands of the Central powers, but instead, they decided to just supervise it until the inhabitants decide to achieve self-governance and independence.
- So the League of Nations Mandates were also set up
  - The mandates were governed by the seven mandatory powers, except the Kingdom of Iraq, which joined the League of Nations in 1932
  - British Mandate for Palestine
    - Formed Mandatory Palestine
    - Britain mandated equal residence for Jews and Arabs in Palestine, as per the Balfour Declaration
    - The Balfour declaration was further confusing the issue with the Arabs
    - The Emirate of Transjordan was added to the mandate after Franco-Syrian War
  - In total, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Transjordan were League of Mandates
  - Japan got to keep all the land they took from Germany
1919: Khilafat Movement
- It was a movement by the Muslims in India, against Britain's plan for Turkey and abolishing of the Ottoman Caliphate
- It was supported by Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- It led to Malabar Kalapam in Kerala in 1921
  - It was a riot against British officers who forcibly converted and killed many Hindus, trying to stir up conflict between Hindus and Muslims
  - It was also against the elite Hindus landowners, who had absolute family ownership of the land under the Jenmi system
1919: Turkish War for Independence begins
1922: Soviet Union forms with Communism
1924: Türkiye becomes independent
- 6 Oct 1923: The capital, Constantinople was renamed to Istanbul
- 29 Oct 1923: Ankara was declared the capital of the Turkish Republic
- 3 March 1924: The last caliphate, the Sultanate of Ottoman Empire Caliphate was abolished by Mustafa Kemel Ataturk
ibn Saud and team formed Saudi Arabia
1926: Germany was accepted into the League of Nations thinking they've become peaceful
Formation of Nationalist Socialist German Workers party
1929: The Great Depression in the US
1931: Japan invades Manchuria from China by making a false flag bombing incident at Mukden, and instead of removing their troops as voted by the members, they withdrew from the League of Nations
1933: Hitler rose to power, and withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference
1937: Japan has an empire, but they kept invading more of China, and they rape Nanking, but then they deny it
- They were planning to invade the entire East, or the Greater East Co-Prosperity Sphere
Hitler makes friends with Japan and also Italy to take over the world
1939: After the invasion of Poland and Finland by Soviet Union, they were expelled from the League of Nations
1939: World War 2
- Germany invades their neighbours - Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Denmark
- Then they invaded France, the neighbours' neighbour and then they tried to invade Britain
- Japan captured North Vietnam which was a French colony with the help of Germany
- US Helped Britain, and stopped helping Japan because their friends are not friends of their friends, and also because they wanted to invade the entire East and Pacific
- US did not want to focus on the war, caring about their image
- 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbour, Hawaii
- So US entered the war
- So Allied Powers (Britain, France, US, China, etc.) vs Axis/Central Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, etc.)
- They chased Germany back into Germany
- They also chased Japan back into Japan
- Holocaust
- Death of Hitler
- US tries to see if Atom bombs work by dropping one on Japan. They had one more so they dropped that too.
1945: Japan is now controlled by US
- US establishes USA Military Government in Japanese Korea
- 38th Parallel Latitude was established as a boundary between Russian and US Occupied Korea
- 1948: Japanese Korea is granted independence as The Republic of Korea (South Korea)
- US establishes a new government in Japan inspired by their own government, where government closely cooperates with the industry
1946: The League of Nations was abolished and the United Nations took its place
1947: Independence in India, and formation of Pakistan and Bangladesh
- Pakistan attacks Jammu and Kashmir
- 1948 India-Pakistan War and establishment of Line of Control
Cold War (1947-1991)
- Created the concept of Three Worlds
  - First World / Western Bloc / Capitalist Bloc
  - Second World / Eastern Bloc
  - Third World / Neutral Countries / Non Aligned Movement
1947: UN Partition Plan for Palestine at the end of British mandate
- Formation of Arabic and Jewish states
  - The plan was boycotted by the Arabs because 62% of the land was allocated to Jewish people, although Arabs had twice the population
1948-Present: Arab-Israel Conflicts
- Establishment of Israel with expulsion and massacre of Arabs ("Al Nakba" / "The Catastrophe")
  - The Zionists did so using guns from London
  - Overnight, many Palestinians became stateless as US and Russia recognized Israel
  - By 1949, more than 750,000 Palestinians were expelled, and more than 13000 Arabs were killed during the ethnic cleansing. It was either to leave or be killed.
  - Folke Bernadotte, a Swedish diplomat was assigned as the mediator of the situation by the UN. He was assassinated by the Zionist group Lehi in 1948 while at Jerusalem.
  - Lehi's main aim was to remove British authorities and establish a Jewish state. It referred to it's members as terrorists.
- 1948 War
  - HK of Transjordan annexed West Bank and was renamed to HK of Jordan
- 1949: Israel was admitted to the UN, and it had accumulated 78% of historic Palestine, and the remaining 22% was Gaza and West Bank. Many Palestinians were refugees, waiting to return home.
- 1967 War (Six Day War)
- 1982 Lebanon War
- 1993 Oslo Peace Accords with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
- Intifadas in 90s and in 00s by Hamas
- Gaza War 2008
- Gaza War 2014
- 2023 Israel-Hamas War
1949: Germany is divided into West Berlin / Federal Republic of Germany and East Berlin / German Democratic Republic
1949: China becomes the People's Republic of China
- Kuomintang national party disagreed, so they moved to an island named Taiwan and called in the Taiwan Republic of China
1949: Geneva Conventions of 1949 to define humanitarian rules during war
1950 Korean war, when North Korea crossed the 38th parallel north latitude
- UN Security Council Resolution 82 asked them to retreat to north of 38th parallel north.
- UN troops, mostly American, aid South Koreans
- In 1953 Armistice Agreement, a new line was formed to separate North Korea and South Korea.
- The Military Demarcation Line is surrounded by a demilitarized zone (DMZ)
1961: Berlin Wall was constructed to prevent East Berlin citizens from moving to the "fascist West Berlin who conspires to prevent the will of the people"
1969: Space Race
Vietnam War
- Viet Minh declared Vietnamese Independence from Japan after World War II, but France still wanted to rule it
- 1954: Treaty of Geneva decided that 17th parallel north should divide Vietnam until elections could be held
- Elections were never held, North Vietnam was a communist state led by Ho Chi Minh and South Vietnam was a capitalist republic led by Ngo Dinh Diem.
- Viet Minh wanted to unite Vietnam into a communist state, and most South Vietnamese people also didn't like Ngo Dinh Diem
  - Diem was corrupted and didn't give lands to the peasants. He also hated Buddhism.
- A war broke out between North and South Vietnam
- From 1958, South Vietnam was attacked by the South Vietnamese communist group, National Liberation Front (NLF)
- 1964: North Vietnam attacked a US patrolling ship in the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam
- There was also a questionable attack in Washington, but US took this as fact to escalate the war.
- North Vietnam + China + USSR + communist allies vs South Vietnam + US + anti-communist allies
- US joined the war because it was afraid of the spread of communism
- US believed that if one country became communist, all neighbouring countries would become communist
  - That is, if South Vietnam fell to communism, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Laos, and Cambodia would too.
- US dropped more than twice the amount of bombs used in the entirety of World War II
1973: Paris Peace Accords ordering US to withdraw their troops from Vietnam
1975: Communist North Vietnam gains control of South Vietnam
1976: Socialist Republic of Vietnam forms
Other countries got independence, but there was neo-colonialism
Martin Luther King Jr. abolishes racism
- 1963: March on Washington, and his delivery of the "I have a dream" speech
- The civil rights movement achieved their goals in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968
- He was assassinated in 1968 by a racist named James Earl Ray
South Africa's Apartheid regime
1991: USSR split
1999: EU forms to use the same money, but Britain doesn't use the same money

Timeline of History

Prehistory

Holocene Epoch Begins

6-3 Millenia BC (5400-2350 BC)

Kingdoms to sort and chronological list of civilizations

Paleolithic and Mesolithic age

Neolithic age

Bronze Age

Iron Age and Vedic period

Middle kingdoms

Late medieval period

Early modern period

European colonial period

Kingdoms of Sri Lanka

3 Millenia BC

Time Period 1 (2350 BC - 1700 BC)

Mesopotamia, Africa and Middle East

2 Millenia BC

Time Period 3 (1700 BC - 1200 BC)

Europe, Mesopotamia

Indus River Valley

Indo-Europe

Time Period 4 (1200 BC - 1000 BC)

Mesopotamia

America

Time Period 5 (1000 BC - 700 BC)

Mesopotamia

Asia

Time Period 6 (700 BC - 300 BC)

Mesopotamia, Asia

Asia

Europe

Time Period 7 (300 BC - 220 AD)

India

China

Eurasia

Time Period 8 (220-310)

Asia

Africa

Time Period 9 (310-600)

Eurasia

Asia

America

Time Period 10 (610-780: The Founding of Islam)

Asia

Europe

Time Period 11 (780-1070)

Middle East Asia

Africa

South East Asia

Europe

Time Period 12 (1070-1200)

Eurasia

America

Asia

Time Period 13 (1200-1400)

Eurasia

India

Australia

Africa

Europe

Asia

Time Period 14 (1450-1460)

Europe

Eurasia

Time Period 15 (1490-1500)

Europe, America

Asia

Time Period 16 (1500-1550s)

Europe

Eurasia, Africa

Levant and Africa

Russia

Time Period 17 (1500 - Present)

Europe, Asia, America, Australia and Africa

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